as otters were removed during the hunting years

Ernest Bell, The Barnstaple Cat-Worrying Case, The Animals Friend (1906), 43. In the latter, the fox has some chance of escape but in the former the otter's chances of escape are clearly much less. The regular otter hunter deliberately indulges in cruelty without the saving grace of feeling shame on the contrary, the returning cars and local tap rooms ring with the complacent boastings of the lords and ladies of creation.Footnote The idea of introducing a slaughter limit helps to explain why his case for protecting the otter did not play a part in the rhetoric of the Humanitarian League or the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports. Should Otters be Hunted?, Madame, 9th September 1905, 515, cited in Cheesman and Cheesman, Diaries of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, p. 44. Joseph Collinson, The Hunted Otter (1911), p. 19. Tarka soon became an iconic literary figure, and otter-hunting was made tangible to a new and wide audience.Footnote The Hawkstone Otter Hounds disbanded in 1914, putting down most of their hounds. 40, As a result of the Humanitarian League's campaigning, by 1906 otter hunting had become an issue of public debate. The following year he became joint Master with Mrs Mildred Cheesman who had been celebrated as the first lady master of otter hounds in the Daily Mail in 1905, as discussed earlier in this paper. Large hunting efforts were under way with the help of a massive ship in the water. In Alaska, 467 sea otters were translo-cated to several locations from 1965 to 1969. He had seen a Master of a pack last summer throw a man into the river for striking at an otter with a walking stick.Footnote Google Scholar. .but an essential portion of any intelligible system of ethics or social science.Footnote He did however come to the conclusion that their conduct had been reprehensible.Footnote Allen, Daniel, A Delightful Sport with peculiar claims: The Specificities of Otterhunting, 18501939, in Hoyle, R. W., ed., Our Hunting Fathers: Field Sports in England after 1850 (Lancaster, 2007), pp. The Spirit of Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, August 1939, 62. This in a sense gave the League the moral high ground. CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Otter-hunting is cowardly and unmanly; Otters are hunted by people who should know better; Otter hunting is a relic of barbarism; Otters are hunted in the breeding season which is despicable were just some of the truths blazoned on boards that day. L. C. R. Cameron, Otters and Otter-Hunting (1908), cited in Collinson, The Hunted Otter, p. 6. By enlisting the opinion of H. E. Bates, the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports hoped this sentiment would not only reach a more popular readership, but also move such people into joining the campaign against otter hunting. 47 Afterwards everyone who took part in the orgy was probably ashamed of himself. Salt edited the two Humanitarian League journals: Humanity, later renamed The Humanitarian (18951919) and The Humane Review (19001910). Tichelar, Michael, Putting Animals into Politics: The Labour Party and Hunting in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, Rural History, 17 (2006), 21334, 219CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also On rare occasions women were singled out for criticism during this period: Why the educated, rich, or the uneducated for the matter of that, have nothing better of more edifying to do with their time is beyond one's comprehension. Google Scholar. . It has many meanings and perhaps I misconstrue it? WebNo hunting (except waterfowl) during removed only by the user. They were joined by English and American hunters in the latter part of the century, and uncontrolled hunting continued until 1799. Williamson's book was based on considerable personal research and knowledge. . Throughout the period campaigners repeatedly pointed to this subject as proof of the inconsistency and heartlessnessFootnote View all Google Scholar citations The letter argued that no reasonable excuse can be found for such conduct, misnamed sport which was morally wrong and barbaric. The large bold title above the image read, Women being blooded at an otter-hunt.Footnote He is astonished that the law of this country still allows this rotten and most bloody exhibition of behaviour and that such repugnant bloodiness survives in a so-called civilised age and country.Footnote 89. 74 And since I have never seen an otter, except behind the glass of a painted case, who am I to say that the otter does not enjoy the fun of having its belly bloodily ripped? 29. . In the Aleutian Islands, a massive and unexpected disappearance of sea otters has occurred since the 1980s. The cause of the decline is not known, although the observed pattern of disappearances is consistent with a rise in orca predation. Sea otters give live birth. A sanctuary was created in Amchitka Island, whose sea otter population grew to outstrip its supply of prey. "useRatesEcommerce": false By the mid-1960s, Amchitka Island was being used a site for nuclear testing, which eventually killed many sea otters in the area. . phospholipid bilayer of a cell. Salt, Henry, Seventy Years Among Savages (London, 1921) p. 141 It is pleasant to read that after such heroic conduct on the part of the poor beast, the hunter's heart softened and the whelp restored.Footnote Google Scholar. WebOregons sea otters disappeared in flash of destruction, as one small part of an ocean-spanning fur boom driven by demand for their lush pelts. . Coulson thought hare hunting was crueller than otter hunting because the hare was timid defenceless and nervous, whereas the otter was a gallant little animal which died after a long hard-fought battle.Footnote Perhaps surprisingly, despite four decades of campaigns against the sport, the article does not describe otter hunting as something controversial. In fact, this member felt that the latter was worse than the former: In the one case a crowd of men became infected with a sudden attack of blood lust, and were carried away by the excitement of the moment to the temporary exclusion of all feelings of humanity. This is likely to be a ban by local landowners. This was the month when the Barnstaple cat-worrying case was in the public eye. 20. 63 35. . WebThe otters were then protected by the international fur seal treaty, which banned sea otter hunting. The fact that otter hunting was singled out suggests that Coleridge felt this particular activity was vulnerable enough to be prohibited. young and thoughtful. He argued that if the government cared for the preservation of beauty in England, the otter would long ago have been placed on the protected list, and would not have been subjected to the undiscriminating attacks of sportsmen.Footnote Has data issue: false In the minds of campaigners it not only looked ridiculous, it was unacceptable. 14364Google Scholar; 58. UKWOT has 52. Having been allowed bail, the pair's charges were later revised on appeal to a five pound fine, on the understanding that Bell gave a donation of one hundred pounds to the North Devon Infirmary. Finally the author of the original article, J. C. Bristow-Noble, responded resentfully that On behalf of some of these daughters of Eve, I have now to state that it is of their opinion that the quarry, as is frequently the case, should always be allowed to escape. As this practice was almost exclusivelyFootnote 33 Sea otters were locally extinct in British Columbian waters in Canada, until a plane containing a romp of otters arrived and set off a population boom with unintended consequences. 11. The first to second the motion was Ernest Bell who pointed out that otter hunting was just as unsportsmanlike as shooting birds from traps. He proposed that the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should take its courage in both hands and accept his amendment: That it be an instruction from this General Meeting of Subscribers of the RSPCA to the Committee, forthwith to secure its presentation to Parliament, the object of which shall be to make otter hunting illegal..Footnote When, however, other members of the Hunt were moved to action by the scandal,Footnote Wright, Catherine Otter hunting presents to him a picturesque scene, with the scarlet-coated, white-breeched men armed with spears, with shaggy hounds, and the landscape set with great marsh marigolds. Which of the following 15, Although this document only had a small readership it proved to be the earliest written condemnation of the sport from an organisation. WebIn 1741, Russians began hunting sea otters. The following year Bell and his followers formed the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports. The last known native sea otter in Washington state, Larson said, was shot in 1910 near Willapa Bay. Scientists and tribal leaders say reintroducing otters would restore balance to degraded kelp forests, boost fish species, protect shorelines, generate tourist dollars 30 [23] Daily Mail, 23rd May 1906, cited in Mackenzie, John M., The Empire of Nature (Manchester, 1988), p. 33 Salt, Henry, Humanitarianism (London, 1891), p. 3 The Daily Mail, for instance, received several telegrams from masters of otter hounds opposing Coleridge's criticism and justifying their sport. 6 The exposure was made all the more effective by the contradictory responses from the otter hunters involved. The group's membership steadily grew from over 300 in 1925, to over 2000 in 1929, and 3000 in 1938. } . 34 (Cheers.) 45 Glorying over being blooded at an Otter Hunt, Cruel Sports, 1928 p. 85. The letter proposed that drag hunting provides all the thrill of the chase without a living victim, and we earnestly request you to consider its adoption in preference to hunting live creatures.Footnote The otter is as good an excuse as the next one; and, after all, the beast usually escapes.Footnote 41 At this time the main justification for killing otters was the damage they did to fish stocks. In 1901 he also contributed a four page paper, The Otter Worry, to the League's sixty-three page pamphlet British Blood Sports: Let us go out and kill something. Collinson quotes from the second chapter of Isaak Walton's The Compleat Angler: Or the Contemplative Man's Recreation (1653): God keep you all, gentlemen, and send you meet this day with another bitch otter, and kill her merrily, and all her young ones too.Footnote Johnston's opinion of the otter and motivation for its protection were also quite unusual. Inside there is a six page pictorial feature, Hunting the Otter, written by Douglas Macdonald Hastings. As with the Barnstaple cat-worrying case of 1905, attention was redirected from the actual killing to the animal in question. 70 Rogers, W. H., Records of the Cheriton Otter Hounds (Taunton, 1925), p. 225 1. It also shows that people other than animal welfarists and sportsmen were concerned with the hunted otter. 8 He declared that Coleridge was entirely out of order in discussing this matter now, adding that he was not speaking of the merits of the subject, but only say it is out of order now. Coleridge replied that: If at your Annual meeting such a motion as that is out of order, then I say this great Society will stultify itself if it does not hear me. 50 [22] In 1957 the treaty was finally re-drafted to account for the population changes in the various locations of sea otters. In this case, which was brought by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Master of the Cheriton Otter Hounds, Mr Walter Lorraine Bell, and three of its members were found guilty of charges relating to cruelty to cats. 73 . WebWhich of the following critical values should the scientist use for the chi-square analysis of the data? Considering Johnston's establishment position and his enthusiasm for hunting in the Empire, this was a powerful request. He wanted society to step back and reconsider the moral distinction between wild and domestic animals. 55. . Smith, Virginia, Bell, Ernest (18511933), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [online]Google Scholar. 72. For Johnston, otter hunters were not cruel they were simply misinformed. The Humanitarian League's reaction to this case was interesting. 2956Google Scholar; During the period 1969-72, 89 sea otters were translo-cated to British Columbia; 59 otters were released in Washington in 1969-70. Some inhuman wretch: Animal Maiming and the Ambivalent Relationship between Rural Workers and Animals, Rural History, 25 (2014), 13360CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Johnston condemned otter hunting and urged the government to give the mammal legal protection in his 1903 publication British Mammals. 4. 6. After introducing her pack, the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, the article listed the women who actively enjoyed the sport: Of the invariably large and influential following we may mention Mrs Mantell, Mrs Killogg-Jenkins, and Miss Woodruffe, Mrs Trimmer and Miss and Mrs J. Awbrey.Footnote Render date: 2023-05-01T08:20:46.153Z The League established a special department to deal with Sports in 1895. Williamson dedicated Tarka the Otter to William Rogers. In a series of vignettes, Bates fondly describes the rivers, the creatures, the trees, the flowers, the buildings and the people that make up the watery landscape. To reinforce this point Bates goes on to outline the enjoyable aspects of the sport. 34. 38 51. Yet although Johnston was not directly involved, his argument brought into prominence the campaign for the otter. Otherwise inaccessible wild and watery landscapes could also be explored: in otter hunting, the hounds, the invigorating air of the early morning, and the superb beauty of England's valleys and dales constitute the chief attractions. The social image being constructed is of a group of people who are not just morally right, but are more decent than the hunters, who are by contrast portrayed as disreputable, aggressive and shameful. 41. Darts and arrows were present at the start of hunting. For almost 40 years, the otters in southeast Alaska scrapped by. 28. In 1931 Ernest Bell, co-founder of the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports, resigned in protest at Henry Amos's continual criticism of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He was also a member of the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports and an unwavering opponent of otter hunting. 53, To show that this practice was not a thing of the past, Collinson then lifted more recent examples from the May 1906 Animals Friend: An otter, after being worried for four hours, gave birth to two cubs, and was afterwards hunted for two hours more before she was killed. In just a few decades, this bustling civilization has withered into a ghost town. A prime example was when an article appeared in the 22nd July 1905 edition of Madame, a magazine aimed at wealthy women, proudly informing readers about the first lady Master of Otter Hounds, Mrs Mildred Cheesman. were extirpated. This reversal shows that the campaigning did have an impact, albeit a small one, on the public perception of the activity. Otter hunting involves the harrying of females heavy with young, the destruction of mothers in milk, the lingering starvation of a number of suckling cubs, and a heavy death roll and the the aggregate of animal suffering caused is necessarily great.Footnote hasContentIssue false, Copyright Cambridge University Press 2016. The Master of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds surveys a line of Country. Figure 3. In these terms, this exceptional incident was absorbed into the broader campaign against blood sports. artificial Coulson, Otter Worrying A Protest, The Humanitarian, August 1908, 61. 19 By setting this against contemporary instances he insinuates the unchanging attitudes of otter hunters over the centuries. After mobilising factual evidence, graphic descriptions and controversial comparisons, Bates concludes his essay bemoaning the seeming insanity of the legal position of hunted animals. 49 Although this unusual interlude was tolerated with good humour at first, one follower of the hunt retaliated by burning a number of leaflets. H. E. Bates, Otters and Men (1938), p. 1. What can look more ridiculous than a middle-aged woman, hurrying along, mile after mile, through wet grass and muddy pools, climbing fences and walls, her clothes sticking to her body and her hair half down her back?Footnote Williamson, Henry, Tarka the Otter: His Joyful Water-life and Death in the Country of the Two Rivers (London, 1927)Google Scholar; The hypocrisy of clergy preaching high moral standards and Christian virtues yet killing for fun was regularly exploited by members of the Humanitarian League. In the Daily Sketch, Mr Harding Matthews, an individual with no declared interest, wrote: Are we to believe that Workington breeds people so utterly spineless as to allow, in public and in broad daylight, the brutal murder of an inoffensive, wild creature? 79. 88. Bell-Irving, David Jardine, Tally-Ho: Fifty Years of Sporting Reminiscences (Dumfries, 1920), p. 120 Cruel Sports illustrated this incident with a photograph headed Burning the Truth! According to the League's Report for 1931, the demonstration at Colchester resulted in a local ban being placed on the hounds.Footnote 42. As to the quickness of the kill, campaigners pointed to the duration of separate hunts as evidence to the contrary. In his opinion everyone had a right to enjoy this animal in its natural surroundings, not just otter hunters. The principles of this League echoed those of its predecessor, that it was iniquitous to inflict suffering, either directly or indirectly, upon sentient animals for the purpose of sport.Footnote . One of the main reasons Bates spoke out against otter hunting was that he felt that a small minority had reduced his chances of seeing the otter. What humbugs we are!Footnote 81. . John Mackenzie points out that Landseer did not decry human participation in the raw cruelty of the natural world. CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also . 5 Second, he felt that as he had bought the cats they were his own property and third, he argued that it was less cruel to use a cat than a badger as worrying the latter badly injured the dogs.Footnote Moore-Colyer, R. J., Feathered Women and Persecuted Birds: The Struggle against the Plumage Trade, c. 18601922, Rural History, 11 (2000), 5773 He thought that the aesthetics of otter hunting could be maintained if public opinion or legislation limited the killing of otters to ten per annum in any one county and then it might be possible to keep up a picturesque sport without unduly lessening the number of otters in our rivers.Footnote By the twentieth century most otter hunters spoke of the remote and barbarous days of the spear,Footnote After only two months, the pressure on the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals proved too much and in July 1906 Animal World announced that the committee was not prepared to take any action on the motion moved by Stephen Coleridge with regard to otter hunting. That year, some conservation measures were established, but unregulated killing resumed in 1867, when the U.S. purchased Alaska. Sea otters were hunted to near extinction during the maritime fur trade of the 1700s and 1800s. When urchin populations spiked in response, the reefs held their ground. "During the fur trade, Clathromorphum persisted through centuries where urchins presumably abounded," Rasher said. "However, the situation has drastically changed this time around. This carry on as normal sentiment was initially broadly endorsed, but could not be sustained by all. He met his future wife Ida Hibbert at an otter hunt, and proposed to her at a hunt ball. Otter hunting is a practice that dates back to the 1700s. This idea is reinforced by the fact that the two members of the audience who stood to offer their support were both members of the Humanitarian League. This act of individual defiance was, however, soon silenced by the laughter of the unreceptive audience. 52. J. C. Bristow-Noble, Madame, 22nd July 1905, 171, cited in Cheesman and Cheesman, Diaries of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, p. 43 [Actually it was Mrs Kellogg-Jenkins, Battle, who had been born in San Francisco, 1911 census].

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