average citation rates by field 2020

Scientometrics, 67(3), 503514. Percentile values are baselines for evaluating research impact. Toward the more effective identification of journals with anomalous self-citation. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4929.1363. Citation rates of journal articles, chapters, and books. Brooks, T. A. Scientometrics,59(3), 281310. PMC offers a feature that allows for location of citing works in PMC. There are four plots: two each (one linear and one log plot) for self-references and self-citations. Further, 91% of the papers under the Article category in the database were classified as original works by the journals themselves. The practice of self-citations: a longitudinal study. Article Those citations are from articles published between 2008 and the present. A users guide to inflated and manipulated impact factors. The method to calculate the impact factor of The Social Science Journal is as follows. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277700700207. It has recently been suggested there may be increasing misrepresentation of research performance by individuals who self-cite inordinately to achieve scores and win rewards. In 2021, Frontiers articles were viewed and downloaded 515 million times, totalling 1.5 billion overall. Not to be confused with. Galvez, R. H. (2017). This is a consequence of the relatively large number of (often annually refreshed) review papers in these fields. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 2010; Ladle et al. PLoS ONE, 12(12), article number e0187394. More recent studies include those of Glnzel and colleagues (Glnzel et al. The report does not reveal how many citations are & Wilhite, A. W. (2017). Heneberg, P. (2016). The Journal Normalized Citation Impact of a single publication is the ratio of the actual number of citing items to the average citation rate of publications in the same journal in the same year and with the same document type . [31][32][33], Open access (OA) publications are accessible without cost to readers, hence they would be expected to be cited more frequently. For additional information on how FWCI is calculated, see the Snowball Metrics Recipe Book (page 55). Any person attempting to do this would have to publish very frequently to make any difference. Campanario, J. M. (2011). PLoS ONE, 11(4), article number e0153730. The process captured in Fig. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. https://beckerguides.wustl.edu/impactofpublications, Quantifying the Impact of My Publications, publication_data h_index m_index research_impact quantification_publication_data. Brooks, T. A. The question is pertinent because self-citation has featured in recent publications that address the possible misrepresentation of research performance by individuals and, specifically, attempts to game citation scores (Baccini et al. David F. Kallmes, 2018); about 13% as a median, using co-author self-citation (Ioannidis et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277500500403. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.200910360. Some remarks on elitism in information and the invisible college phenomenon in science. Is collaboration among scientists related to the citation impact of papers because their quality increases with collaboration? reported that on average, delayed OAJs had citation rates twice as high as TAJs, and 3 times as high as immediate OAJs [9]. Team size matters: Collaboration and scientific impact since 1900. Scientometrics,113(2), 11991207. How frequently are articles in predatory open access journals cited. (2015). 2019; DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019; Ioannidis et al. Self-citation is the hallmark of productive authors, of any gender. The larger the minimum number of citations, the smaller the peer group. Citation impact is a measure of how many times an academic journal article or book or author is cited by other articles, books or authors. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0745-2. 2006; Glnzel 2008; van Raan 2008; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. Therefore more than half thepublications are below the mean average. For the 2019 Highly Cited Researchers analysis, the papers included in the preliminary data development were those published and cited during 20082018. While marked outliers are detectable, they are not present in all fields and they cannot be excluded by a single universal arbiter such as a percentile. Scientometrics,90(2), 343360. `Amongst all fields, only articles categorized as Medicine, General, or Internal according to WOS see a bump (28%) in citation rates that can be attributed to the field itself. Data are plotted both as a linear and as a log-normal plot. Like all impact metrics, vulnerable to gamification (e.g.. In this paper we consider self-referencing and self-citing, describe the typical shape of self-citation patterns for carefully curated publication sets authored by 3517 Highly Cited Researchers and quantify the variance in the distribution of self-citation rates within and between all 21 Essential Science Indicators fields. We show that each field does have its characteristic range of self-citation and that relatively high rates are attached to this range in some fields. The distributions of the average percentage of a self-references in highly cited papers and b self-citations from highly cited papers for 3517 Highly Cited Researchers identified in the Web of Science for 20082018 publications. Rather than setting a percentage of author self-citation above which an individual would be eliminated from consideration, we examined the distributions of author self-citation rates (and author self-referencing rates) for each of the 21 fields to determine true outliers. See Tables1, 2 and 3; Figs. 2019). The 2020 Journal Impact Factors, published in the 2021 Journal Citation Report, are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. proposed a statistical method to evaluate the universality of citation impact metrics, i.e., their capability to compare impact fairly across fields. . 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New insights into the relationship between the h-Index and self-citations? We estimated the effect of Covid-19 subject on citation counts using a negative binomial regression model. Measurement in the Swedish Research Council's bibliometric system 2009, open citation window, self--citations included. It also allows users to search within cited works. Another potential reason for the spike in Covid-19 citations is the exhibited capacity of the virus to mutate rapidly. Waltman, L. (2016). Since the purpose of analysing highly cited research is to recognize scientists and social scientists with community-wide influence, which such portfolios lack, we introduced a filter to detect and review those whose high citation profile was in fact narrow and substantially self-generated. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24046. 2019; Peroni et al. We will show below that the range of self-citation rates among Highly Cited Researchers follows a negative binomial distribution (NBD). baseline measure is the all-years citation rate, which is the citation rate for Because of the skew in such a distribution, an issue arises concerning the application of standard tests for data outliers. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Linear plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-referencing to earlier papers by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. According to the Web of Science Science Citation Index Expanded (WOS), which includes more than 8,300 journals across 150 scientific disciplines, nearly 200,000 Covid-19 related papers were published or presented in 24 months between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021 [5]. Social Forces,74(2), 379422. It is said that one persons outlier may be, for an NBD, simply an extreme part of the skew. Schreiber, M. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312714522871. Some results on function and quality of citations. Research Policy,46(5), 970983. Citation Impact can vary significantly across Garfield, E., & Sher, I. H. (1963). averages are calculated from citations from articles published during the same This final point is important because it changes our focus for the future. Results The search identified 296 articles of reporting guidelines . Narin, F. (1976). For an overview of FWCIs and how they're calculated, see: For a quick overview of field weighted citation impact metrics (which includes FWCI), see: Ebling Library, Health Sciences Learning Center This term is used to denote any fixed fraction of top papers ordered by citation count. New York, NY: Wiley. In the early days of January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a bulletin that brought attention to 44 new cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology that had appeared at the end of December 2019 in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China [1]. Citation analysis is the examination of citing works to an individual work (or a group of works). The influence of author self-citations on bibliometric meso-indicators: The case of European universities. Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America, Affiliation: Negative binomial regression output reporting independent variable effects on citation count, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. This was particularly true among the outliers, in other words: researchers who self-reference at unusually high rates (above the central range) are also authors on papers where an unusually high proportion of the citations received are self-citations. Scientometrics,77(2), 373375. Field normalized citation metrics are an article level metric. Trimble, V. (1986). Journal of Informetrics,14(2), 100990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2019.100990. (2019). Ranking of the top 10 most-cited journals in several JCR categories (released in 2021 by Web of Science Group). [18] The best-known measures include the h-index[19] and the g-index. for the humanities. Many have observed that the term self-citation is frequently used to mean two different forms or modes of self-mention: self-referencing (cited reference to self within a list in ones own publication); and self-citing (citations from ones own work among all citations to ones publications). Journal of Education and Social Policy,2, 7579. Academic misconduct, misrepresentation and gaming: A reassessment. The number of times Covid-19 publications are being cited throughout the literature appears remarkably high but has not been directly compared to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals over an extended period. In fact, later in the 1980s Merton predicted it in conversations with staff at the Institute for Scientific Information (D. Pendlebury, pers. From one perspective, self-citation functions in the same way as any cited reference appended to a paper: it points to publications on which the present work depends, is related, or is positioned by the author. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277100100107. Bar plots show the total number of citations received in 20172020 to articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters and data papers published in 20172020, with Frontiers journals in blue. 2019; Seeber et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.11.001. Furthermore, publication and citation data are universally skewed and we will show that this is true of the range of self-citation rates across researchers. The Citation Report feature displays bar charts for the number of items published each year and the number of citations each year, plus counts for the average number of citations per item, the number of citations per year per publication, average number of citations per year per publication, and the H-index. The relationship between co-authorship, currency of references and author self-citations. (608) 262-2020 Moreover, studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank",[14] contrary to widespread expectations. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,23(5), 250252. These data are also summarised in the Appendix Table3. Geoderma,155(34), 434438. PLoS ONE, 11(8), article number e0161021. Citations are widely considered to be an indicator of a published works significance but how can an analyst confirm whether a high citation count for an individual is a genuine reflection mark of influence or a consequence of other factors such as extraordinary, even excessive, self-referencing? Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. They are not statistical tests but point to rather than definitively identifying possible cases of excessive self-citation. 2010; Kim and Kim 2018). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000045117.13348.b1. It indexes o ver 15,000 journals from over 4,000 international publishers across the disciplines.. To find the citation counts to your own articles: Physics (194 Highly Cited Researchers) is a similar sized field to Engineering to which its research culture might also be linked. 4) show a superficially similar pattern to those for self-referencing, with a relatively consistent series of median values up to around 6% self-citations. In response, the scientific field has dedicated enormous amounts of resources to researching the virus and its effects. This appears to make the recognition of outlier values relatively straightforward. 6, 7, 8, 9). https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21457. This libguide provides guidance on metrics and reports that can be used to quantify performance and impact based on publication data. Nations (Aksnes 2003; Glnzel and Thijs 2004a; Glnzel et al. A., Bresciani, K., Ramos, T., De Matos, L., Castellane, P., & Cerdeira, M. (2015). DAntuono, P. & Ciavarella, M. (2019). This would mean that the article was cited 28% more times than expected for articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year. What do citation counts measure? To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. See the Establishing Your Author Name tab. Springer, Cham. The change in trajectory close to the lower indicative outlier threshold, combined with a distinct break in the series around 27%, makes it questionable whether the next part of the series is still part of the normal range for the field, or represents a distinct sub-field with higher self-citing, or is indicative of inappropriate citation behaviour. A note on self-citation rates in astronomical papers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03139-3. Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of citations that went to this elite group grew from 14% to 21%. The disciplines chosen were respiratory, cardiology, immunology, radiology, microbiology, gastroenterology and hepatology, general and internal medicine, and multidisciplinary sciences. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089193. Cherry Hill, NJ: Computer Horizons Inc. Peritz, B. Scientometrics,11(12), 8197. 4. This is very important when considering tests for outliers. 2006; Thijs and Glnzel 2006; Schubert et al. Data were analyzed with R software version 4.1.2 [10] using the packages (Rcmdr) [11] and (glm2) [12]. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.5090140304. Clinical medicine is the largest field (448 Highly Cited Researchers). 6, 7, 8 and 9. Ferrara, E., & Romero, A. E. (2013). "Only" 12% of medicine articles are not cited, compared to about 82% (!) CiteScore metrics: A family of eight metrics and useful features. A percentile defines a fraction or subset of papers in a research field that received a minimum number of citations. The norms of citation behavior: Prolegomena to the footnote. Average Evidence-based Reading and Writing score: 529Average Math score: 521. 2015). Frontiers ranked 3rd most-cited with an average of 4.8 citations per article. 2020, Vol. These top 120 papers accounted for nearly 24 percent of all citations, while the top 500 papers account for nearly 50 percent. Performance-based university research funding systems. Covid-19 has dominated global focus since the onset of 2020, affecting over 200 countries across the world [15]. The negative binomial regression model is similar to the Poisson regression model (for count data) except that it performs better with data over-dispersion [13, 14]. This is most easily interpreted on the linear plot, whereas statistical sense would suggest that the data should be log-plotted because of the skewed negative binomial distribution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0565-9. However, their citation records are substantial enough not to be affected by small variations and they should be broadly representative of peer expectations about standards and good practice in publication and citation behaviour. A fractional approach to self-citation counting. 8,835 of these papers received a number of citations that placed them in the top 1% of all Engineering papers in the past 10 years. Scientometrics,66(1), 7180. Merton, R. K. (1988). The Citation Rates table under the Field Baselines menu displays data on the average citation rates of papers within the scientific fields over each of the past 10 years. The first example of automated citation indexing was CiteSeer, later to be followed by Google Scholar. Zhivotovsky, L. A., & Krutovsky, K. V. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410810844150. A/B = 2021 impact factor. Ioannidis et al. Priorities in scientific discovery: A chapter in the sociology of science. Evidence of complex citer motivations. Measuring research. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&oldid=1151587142, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 23:58. Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. K. (2018). The issue is whether, under pressure, scientists and scholars do indeed increase self-citation artificially to boost their potential for rewards (including appointments, promotions, and funding). Scientometrics,94(2), 777780. Bjrk, B. C., Kanto-Karvonen, S., & Harviainen, J. T. (2020). Adams, J. Assessing author self-citation as a mechanism of relevant knowledge diffusion. It should be obvious that citations (to older papers) come from references (in newer papers) and that the totals of references and cites are the same, but it is less obvious that the distributions differ. For simplicity of the Tracking self-citations in academic publishing. 5 . The median home value across these five cities, on average, is about $137,900. (2017). For everything except humanities, those numbers are far from 90% but they are still high: One third of social science articles go uncited! Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,59(10), 16311643. The 10-year average for Geosciences papers is 9.54, and for Immunology papers it is 20.38. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. The influence of self-citation corrections and the fractionalised counting of multi-authored manuscripts on the Hirsch index. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0187-7. Glnzel, W., Debackere, K., Thijs, B., & Schubert, A. (1998). Kacem, A., Flatt, J. W., & Mayr, P. (2019). Baselines are calculated using a whole counting method, this means that all papers in a subject area are counted towards the baseline calculation regardless of whether those papers are also in other subject areas or not. Some characteristics of citing works that can be used for narrative purposes include: The inherent assumption is that significant publications will demonstrate a high citation count. https://doi.org/10.1087/095315108X378712. The levels we have selected for listing by field and year are 0.01%, 0.1%, 1.0%, 10%, 20%, and 50%. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.01.002. Motivations for citations: A comparison of self-citation and citation to others. We measure and communicate a range of metrics, including Impact Factor, CiteScore, overall citation rate, aggregate views and downloads, and news and social media mentions. In many journals, there was discrepancy between the number of Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles. The comparative median rates of a self-referencing and b self-citation analysed by Essential Science Indicator field and the comparative lower thresholds for indicative outliers in those fields.

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