barriers to using nightingale's theory

146-147). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 3 benefits to nursing satisfaction when utilizing the theory, The theory of environment is beneficial in, Two barriers to using the theory in practice and at least one method for overcoming each barrier. The nurse must address these factors on a case-by-case basis to make sure the factors are altered to best care for an individual patient and his or her needs. This work demonstrates the CNS competencies of leading change in response to organizational needs and stewardship of human and fiscal resources (NACNS, 2019). Her evidence base was right in front of her. Nightingale states there are five basic concepts to consider which must all be present for houses to provide a healthy environment: pure water, pure air, efficient drainage, cleanliness and light. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. Jennifer H. Matthews, iD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9713-6910. Marion is a member of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, the National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, the Virginia Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, and the Virginia Nurses Association. eCollection 2021. Specialization in professional nursing. Within these conditions were 1715 sick and injured soldiers, including 120 with cholera, and 650 severely wounded in the General Hospital; with an anticipated 500 incoming wounded soldiers from the battle of the Charge of the Light Brigade (Andrews, 1929; Cook, 1913a). Second, it stresses the need for fresh air and sunlight to promote health and well-being. She is a founding member and Board of Director member of the Virginia Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists. In addition to the analysis of the concept of ventilation, it is not always beneficial for all clients to have fresh air. This may be effective in some cases, but is limited in cases in which the patient is incapacitated or otherwise incapable of working toward his own healing. NIGHTINGALE ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY OF NURSING. Using the money she got from the British government, she funded St. Thomas Hospitals establishment, and within it, the Nightingale Training School for Nurses. Nightingale became known as The Lady with the Lamp. During the Crimean War, she initially made her rounds on horseback and at night used an oil lamp to light her way, then reverted to a mule cart and finally a carriage with a hood and curtains. Furthermore, four hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale: F. N. Hastanesi in ili (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan F.N. ISSN: 1091-3734 American Nurses Association - 8515 Georgia Avenue - Suite 400 - Silver Spring, MD 20910, Jennifer H. Matthews, PhD, RN, A-CNS, FAAN, Phyllis B. Whitehead, PhD, APRN/CNS, ACHPN, RN-BC, FNAP, Terri Crowder, DNP, RN, CNS, ACNS-BC, CCRN, Marsha D. Fowler, PhD, MDiv, MS, RN, FAAN, RSA, Bridget Houlahan, PhD, RN; Lilianna Deveneau, BA, BS, Stephanie L. Ferguson, PhD, RN, FAAN; David C. Benton, PhD, RN, FRCN, FAAN, Tracey Motter, DNP, MSN, RN ; David Hassler, MFA ; Mary K. Anthony, PhD, RN, Mary E. Larkin, MS, RN; Michelle Marcella, BS; Sarah Alger, BA; Susan Fisher, BA, RN; Marianne Ditomassi, DNP, MBA, RN, NEA-BC, FAAN, Angela Aparecida Peters, MS; Maria Anglica de Almeida Peres, PhD, MS; Patricia D'Antonio, PhD, RN, FAAN, Nightingale: Visionary for Clinical Nurse Specialist. 3 0 obj Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Despite multiple demands on her time, including her data collection and resource coordination, she never lost sight of the patients. Over her twenty months in Crimea, Nightingale logged in and out such data as the number of shirts she issued (50,000); the number of utensil kits, plates, pillows, blankets, uniform trousers, boots and socks, cots and bedding, tables and chairs; and types and amount of foods. Disease, as per Nightingale (1860) is a process By SHIRIN RAHIM CLINICAL APPLICATION OF NIGHTINGALE'S ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY English, Here person is a multidimensional being on which a nurse acts. The values and principles that Nightingales theory encompasses are so wholesome that it is continued to be used today in the education of modern nursing today (Barritt, 1973). endobj Miracle, V. A. Nightingale, F. (1992). The CNS spheres of impact affect each aspect in patient care; nursing and nursing practice; and healthcare systems and organizations, reflecting Nightingales work and beliefsThe role of the CNS was created to meet increasingly complex and evolving needs of patients and communities. Many exhibits and artifacts are displayed and a bit of folklore with an exhibit featuring the preserved owl Athena, her little pet and companion who lived in her pocket. By configuring the environment of a patient so that it best meets their needs at that moment, it would assist in the healing process. All rights reserved. iii. She determined which military and medical rules were sensible, and honored and respected these. While there are many benefits to knowing and understanding grand theories, these constructions are often abstract and do not lend themselves to empirical testing or problems in specific nurse settings. One type of theory cannot be applied to all types of patient conditions. The Nature of Nursing, Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Second Edition, Barbara Kozier, Glenora Erb, Audrey Berman, Shirlee Snyder, 2004, p.38. Requires extensive use of resources and this may be hard especially in healthcare institution with limited funds 2. In George, J. To achieve her outcomes, she secured and channeled resources as she revised workflows and created new systems in a way similar to a CNS practice. 3 examples of how the theory applies to current practice, i. Cleanliness and sanitation- dirty environment is the source of infection. Nursing History Review, 15(1), 155165. Based on her observations in the Crimea, Florence Nightingale wrote Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army, an 830-page report analyzing her experience and proposing reforms for other military hospitals operating under poor conditions. <> Sphere #2: Nurses and Nursing PracticeEducation and mentoring are interwoven in the CNS impact spheres and competencies of nursing practice.Education and mentoring are interwoven in the CNS impact spheres and competencies of nursing practice. Jennifer Matthews is a clinical nurse specialist in Adult Health. She believed that the bed should be placed in the lightest part of the room and placed so the patient could see out of a window. Notes on nursing: What it is and what it is not. ii. The theory emphasised the environmental aspects of care, especially those that nurses could provide, such as constructing a clean, sanitary treatment environment. Therefore it would be a mistake, or a barrier to effective application, if a nurse were to employ a grand theory when encountering a unique patient situation or problem. Scientific American, 250(3), 128137. she also cultivated advanced practice nursing and the CNS role by promoting trained nurse leaders who challenged accepted practices and promoted evidence-based practice.On both sides of the Atlantic, trained nurses sought registration to distinguish themselves from lay nurses. Nightingale's environmental theory. Would you like email updates of new search results? i. Nurses maintain high levels of job satisfaction, ii. Nightingale believed that the person who repeatedly breathed his or her own air would become sick or remain sick. Articulations of antimicrobial resistance in trade union financed journals for nurses in Scandinavia - A Foucauldian perspective. PMC Advantages & Disadvantages of Pediatric Nursing. Nearly a century after the death of Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), historians continue to debate her legacy. National Library of Medicine During the night hours she documented her observations, comparing any intervention or practice to ascertain the better outcome. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> Florence Nightingales voice was saved in a phonograph recording from 1890 preserved in the British Library Sound Archive. These theory enhances nurses to care for their patients and nurture them with awareness and respect for difference in individualism. Nightingale in Scutari: Her legacy reexamined. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 17(1), 3-9. doi: 10.1097/00002800-200301000-00002. She seemed to recover and was reportedly in good spirits. 2018-09-25T03:34:18-07:00 Florence Nightingale (12 May 1820 13 August 1910) was a nurse who contributed to developing and shaping the modern nursing practice and has set examples for nurses who are standards for todays profession. Methods: Nightingales initial observations on the administration of nursing and healthcare organizations began in 1851, first at the Kaiserswerth Deaconess Home in Germany and in 1853 on fact-gathering tours of hospitals in France, Austria, and Italy (Steward & Austin, 1962). In her theory, Nightingales writings reflect a community health model in which all that surrounds human beings is considered concerning their health state. 2023 Nurseslabs | Ut in Omnibus Glorificetur Deus! This school of thought was proved to be false by Pasteur and his work in the study of bacteriology. Jennifer H. Matthews, iD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9713-6910, Phyllis B. Whitehead, PhD, APRN/CNS, ACHPN, RN-BC, FNAPEmail: pbwhitehead@carilionclinic.org. iii. CNSs are flexible and creative, adjusting their roles as Nightingale did when she leveraged her project resources in the face of one crisis after another. In this way, the model must be adapted to fit the needs of individual patients. The greatest barrier to effective application of any nursing theory is trying to employ the wrong type of theory, or model, in a particular nursing situation. Nightingale and her nurses gained expertise as they worked endlessly at the bedside caring for wounded and dying soldiers, frequently participating in triage, surgery, wound care, and care of those with infectious diseases. She continues to be an advisor on the editorial board for the Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. She asserted that whispered or long conversations about patients are thoughtless and cruel. She also reminded the caregiver never to lean against, sit upon, or unnecessarily shake the patients bed. Applied in the nursing process of pattern manifestation and knowing appreciation. A history of nursing: From ancient to modern times, a world view(5th ed.). Before leaving Londons British War Office, her painstaking planning, foresight, and shrewdness finessed the Secretary at War to explicitly empower her with complete authority to command her 38 nurses and reform the situation, independent of the Medical Officers and Military Administrator (Andrews, 1929). Nightingale identified two major barriers to the implementation of her theory. Therefore, while these theories will offer valuable guidelines for nurses, they cannot be applied to unique or particular health care issues. ii. The CNS spheres of impact affect each aspect in patient care; nursing and nursing practice; and healthcare systems and organizations, reflecting Nightingales work and beliefs Substance Use Disorders and Related Concerns, The 200th Birthday of Florence Nightingale, Speroni on Professional Pathways in Nursing", Parast and colleagues on Healthcare and Quality, Gaul, Higbee, Taylor, Ensign, Monson & Price on Nursing Education and Crisis in Competency, Parast and Heshka on Past, Present, and Future, Fogg-Martin on Calling Nursing Informatics Leaders", Jean-Gilles on An Historical View of Nursing and Polio, Pattishall on Informatics: Protect Yourself and the Nursing Profession from Predatory Journals, https://doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2010.509934, https://nacns.org/advocacy-policy/policies-affecting-cnss/scope-of-practice/, https://portal.nacns.org/NACNS/Store/NACNS_StatementOnCNSPractice.aspx, An Air Force Nurse Leaders Impact: Brigadier General Goodwin, 10th Air Force Nurse Corps Chief, Toward Reclaiming Our Ethical Heritage: Nursing Ethics before Bioethics, Social Upheaval and a Deans Vision for Professional Nursing: The Work of Dorothy M. Smith, Sadie Heath Cabaniss and Professional School Nursing: Strategic Foundations to Promote Population Health, The Contribution of American Nurses to the Evolution of the International Council of Nurses, The Art of Nursing Becomes a Celebration of Nurses, The Nightingale Still Sings: Ten Ethical Themes in Early Nursing in the United Kingdom, 1888-1989, Voices Echoing Forward: One Institutions Efforts to Preserve Nursing History, Right Place at the Right Time: Laura Logans Leadership in the Early 20th Century, Beyond Western Expectations: Filipina Nurse Leaders Anastacia Giron-Tupas and Julita Villaruel Sotejo, 1910-1950, Influences of the Anglo-American Teaching System in Brazil: Contributions by the Parsons Mission (1921-1925). What is nursing professionalism? Nurs Inq. doi: 10.1590/1983-1447.2021.20200228. iii. She also criticized fumigations, for she believed that the offensive source, not the smell, must be removed. He strives to one day be an authority on all subjects, great and small. The power of environmental adaptation: Florence Nightingale's original theory for nursing practice Jun 1998 247-263 F Nightingale Nightingale F. Notes on nursing: What it is, and what it. She stated, We know nothing of health, the positive of which pathology is negative, except for the observation and experience. In 2019, she was appointed Professor Emerita at Shenandoah University in Winchester Virginia. She initiated the Moral Distress Consult Service at CRMH. Nightingale improved the healthcare environment for staff and soldiers by designing, renovating, and building to improve system efficiencies and workflows. Validating outcomes with data. To discuss the development of Nightingale's Environmental Theory in the 19th century and its application in contemporary 21st century nursing practice. 1 0 obj As Nightingale advocated for robust education for nurses, the CNS specialty directs specific knowledge, skill acquisition, and core and specialty competencies for in-depth clinical expertise and ever-changing nursing practice and healthcare systems (see Figure 1). Todays CNSs facilitate education and disseminate new knowledge for nurses and other healthcare professionals through interprofessional collaboration and teaching at the bedside, in university classrooms that include medical schools, and during professional training (NACNS, 2019). From the theorys interventions it possible to promote patients control and set mutual health goals. government site. Advances in Nursing Science, 39(3), E40-E56. doi: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-1306. Nurses' comfort care of transarterial chemoembolization patients based on their perceptions around postembolization syndrome and symptom interference. Two barriers to using the theory in practice, Watson theory of human caring tries to describe the results of nursing activity in terms of humanistic realm of life. Longfellow, H. W. (1857). In honor of the life and career of the Angel of the Crimea, the Florence Nightingale Museum sits at the site of the original Nightingale Training School for Nurses, which houses more than 2,000 artifacts. Outcomes through Change Agency. Her career spans adult and geriatric mental health, dementia care and substance abuse treatment. Born in Italy in 1820, she served as a nurse in Europe's hospitals and clinics in a time when poor sanitation and technological limitations made nursing especially challenging. To achieve her outcomes, [Nightingale] secured and channeled resources as she revised workflows and created new systems in a way similar to a CNS practice. Prior to working in geriatrics, she worked for over 25 years in addictions nursing as a consultant, counselor, educator and coach. The Crimean War began, and soon reports in the newspapers described the desperate lack of proper medical facilities for wounded British soldiers at the front. This practice is described in CNS practice as the dissemination of CNS practice and fiscal outcomes (NACNS, 2019). Int J Nurs Knowl. This theory postulated by Parse was influenced by Martha Rodgers Unitary of Human beings theory and the existential phenomenology. Nightingale intuitively and wisely influenced local stakeholders by building onsite multinational teams whose collaborations were essential. After her convalescence in England, she began 50 years of documenting her observations and proposals for policy changes, referring to these observation as Notes.. After her convalescence in England, she began 50 years of documenting her observations and proposals for policy changesNotes for Healthcare Policy. NACNS Statement on Clinical Nurse Specialist competencies and education is approved. The values and principles that Nightingale's theory encompasses are so wholesome that it is continued to be used today in the education of modern nursing today (Barritt, 1973). The notes, entitled Notes on Nursing: What it is, and What it is Not (1860 . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. For the past 12 years she has worked as a psychotherapist, manager, staff educator, patient and family advocate and nurse consultant in long term care and dementia nursing. The International Nurses Day and International CFS Awareness Day are celebrated on her birthday each year. MeSH She valued the experiences she learned in these army hospitals and later, when designing the curriculum for nurses, she ensured that basic practices of hygiene and germs as infectious agents were taught to the students (McDonald, 2010). Terri Crowder, DNP, RN, CNS, ACNS-BC, CCRNEmail: teribaskt@comcast.net, Adams, J. M., & Natarajan, S. (2016). Another contribution that Nightingale made to medicine was the remarkable application of a novel statistical tool, the color-coded coxcomb diagram for ready visualization, giving ease of interpretation by anyone (McDonald, 2014). SJSU ScholarWorks | Open Access Research | San Jose State University The theory through its step allows self-reflection for patients. Careers. Florence Nightingale: Environmental Theory. Learn about Nightingales biography, her career, her works that shaped nursing. Epub 2021 Jan 23. Delp, S., Ward, C. W., Altice, N., Bath, J., Bond, D. C., Hall, K. D., Harvey, E. M., Jennings, C. D., Lucas, A., Whitehead, P., & Carter, K. (2016). CNS clinical competencies consider social determinants of health (SDOH) as an important aspect of CNS practice. Terri is currently Secretary for VaCNS and GFAC-AACN associations. Beginning in 2017 she was appointed to an ANA taskforce revising the ANA Principles on Staffing and Workforce issues. Nightingales model for education laid the foundation in the 1960s for advanced practice nursing and expanded graduate level education. Nightingales goals for the nursing profession were to organize and standardize the education of nursing (i.e., training) and raise nursing to a respectable profession Nightingales legacy is that of the first modern nurse educator and this legacy is the one most individuals, lay or professional, identify for her she also cultivated advanced practice nursing and the CNS role by promoting trained nurse leaders who challenged accepted practices and promoted evidence-based practice. In this way, the best care possible could be provided. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 12(4), 317. doi: 10.1136/qhc.12.4.317. Florence Nightingale: A CNS role model. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 8(2), 64. doi: 10.1097/00002800-199403000-00002, Walker, J. Based on her assessments, Nightingale directed and delegated nursing care, demonstrating the CNS competency of implementing a customized evidence-based intervention (NACNS, 2019). Misapplication of General Theories Nursing "grand theories" are general concepts that pertain to the overall nature and goals of professional nursing. Reading Nightingales Environmental Theory raises consciousness in the nurse about how the environment influences client outcomes. Macmillan. 2015 Oct;26(4):156-62. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12059. Applied in voluntary mutual patterning. Florence Nightingale. Nightingales goals for the nursing profession were to organize and standardize the education of nursing (i.e., training) and raise nursing to a respectable professionNightingales goals for the nursing profession were to organize and standardize the education of nursing (i.e., training) and raise nursing to a respectable profession (Judd & Sitzman, 2014) through enlisting and training pupils of good character and morals; role models of compassion and empathy; and influencers of other caregivers. It involves the nurses initiative to configure environmental settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patients health and that external factors associated with the patients surroundings affect the life or biologic and physiologic processes and his development. They are put at risk due to the fact that their socks and shoes are often kept hot and moist, and skin on the feet may be macerated. Nightingale suggested that one of the reasons for the high infection rate during the Crimean war was due to poor ventilation. Nightingalenoted that an adult in health exhales about three pints of moisture through the lungs and skin in a 24-hour period. She is member of the National Association Clinical Nurse Specialists, Virginia Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, American Association of Critical Care Nurses, and Greater Fredericksburg Area Chapter-AACN. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 177(3), 569586. Theory can be source of nursing motivation especially those who face burnout. She is recognized as the founder of modern nursing. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000134. The CNS scope of practice extends from wellness to illness and from acute to primary care and health promotion. From these occurrences, Nightingales model seemed to be ideal. Harrison. 2 0 obj The ten major concepts of the Environment Theory, also identified as Nightingale's Canons, are: Ventilation and warming Light and noise Cleanliness of the area Health of houses Bed and bedding Personal cleanliness Variety Offering hope and advice Food Observation According to Nightingale, nursing is separate from medicine. As a change agent she helps families and care partners learn positive care skills for coping with the disease of dementia and to raise professional and community awareness of dementia and available resources. (2008). CNS practices include evaluation of systems level interventions and programs to achieve outcomes through promoting the profession of nursings unique contributions to advancing health to organizations, community, public and policymakers (NACNS, 2019). 3. We discuss her seminal work during the Crimean War (1854-1856), the nature of these interventions during the war, and her continued impact today. government site. This resembles the mission undertaken by Nightingale and her vision of nursing. Nightingale believed that schools should be independent of hospital control, but near to hospitals where practical training was available (Steward & Austin, 1962). In the following year, she was given the Honorary Freedom of the City of London. Angelo aims to build a good foundation for aspiring nurses. Epub 2014 Sep 22. I think I am got something more good-natured and complying, Nightingale wrote in her own defense concerning the mother-daughter relationship. Florence Nightingale a hundred years on: Who she was and what she was not. TheEnvironmental Theory by Florence Nightingale defined Nursing as the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery. It involves the nurses initiative to configure environmental settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patients health and that external factors associated with the patients surroundings affect the life or biologic and physiologic processes and his development. She encouraged nurses to wash their hands frequently throughout the day as a way to fend of illness. Notes on nursing: What it is and what it is not. i. Johnsons theory contributed much t nursing professional. (Original publication 1859). Plato, Nightingale, and Nursing: Can You Hear Me Now? Would you like email updates of new search results? Nightingales Environmental Theory has broad applicability to the practitioner. In 1853, Florence Nightingale accepted the superintendents positionat the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London. Enables the nurses to respect freedom when making choices in relation to quality of life, iii. doi: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0139. AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Linux Kernel 2.6 64bit Oct 2 2014 Library 10.1.0 doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e3181c1803a, https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol25No02Man01. <> Florence Nightingale also believed that nurses could encourage or discourage the healing process based on their interactions with a patient. Florence Nightingale was raised on the family estate at Lea Hurst, where her father provided her with a classical education, including German, French, and Italian studies. In the summer of 1856, she left once the Crimean conflict was resolved and returned to her childhood home at Lea Hurst. (n.d.). Clinical Nurse Specialist, 18(3), 135-140. doi: 10.1097/00002800-200405000-00014, Helmstadter, C. (2007). She also created roles for her staff that reflected patient need.Sphere #1: Direct Patient CareNightingale independently developed her role, an unprecedented and pioneering feat. She identified 5 environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation, and light or direct sunlight. 2021 Jul 23;74(5):e20201267. In her era, many diseases were spread through poor sanitation and hygiene practices, and there was a lack of understanding of how to prevent the spread of these diseases. Because of these data documentation and her persistence, she successfully anticipated, proposed, and justified to the British Government the administrative and practice reforms that she proposed would reduce the morbidity and mortality rates of soldiers. Dr. Phyllis Whitehead is a clinical ethicist and clinical nurse specialist with the Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital Palliative Care Service and Associate Professor at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. US title Florence Nightingale. The first was a lack of understanding of the principles of hygiene. Florence Nightingale: Nursing and health care today. Florence Nightingale's theory conceived of health care not merely as the treatment of disease but the elevation of good health and quality of life in general. Her ingenuity to ensure adequate nutrition promoted healing, thus reducing wound infections or development of cholera and dysentery. Her education and advocacy directives are similar to those of the modern CNS and incorporated into the core competencies for nursing practice as CNSs facilitate professional development opportunities for nurses, students, and staff in the acquisition of knowledge (NACNS, 2019). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Given her definition that the art of nursing is to unmake what God had made disease, then the goal of all nursing activities should be client health. Farrar Straus (2008). Whether you need to fix, build, create or learn, eHow gives you practical solutions to the problems life throws at you. Nightingale also believed that a patients bed was their own domain. The theory is most based in the values such as concern and love for other individuals, kindness and honour for the personal spiritual dimension. Biography was written by Wayne, G. With contributions by Wayne, G., Ramirez, Q., Vera, M. God bless Florence Nightingale for her good work towards nursing. She pressed for creation of four sub-commissions that undertook reforms in sanitation for soldiers living barracks and the hospitals; creation of an Army Statistical Department; formation of an Army Medical School; and reconstruction of the Army Medical Department, the Hospital Regulations, to establish competency standards for the Promotion of Medical Officers; and creation of training standards for orderlies (i.e., what we now call unlicensed assistive personnel) (Cook, 1913a). Conard, P., & Pape, T. (2014). As a CNS, for 8 years, she managed patient care for 132 Medical beds. (1984). Sanitary conditions were improved while nurses worked as capable assistants to physicians and raised the British soldiers morale by acting as bankers, sending the injured mans wages home, wrote letters to their families, and read to the wounded. Also emphasized in her environmental theory is providing a quiet or noise-free and warm environment, attending to patients dietary needs by assessment, documentation of time of food intake, and evaluating its effects on the patient. eCollection 2021. Rev Bras Enferm. Clinical application of Nightingales environmental theory Filed Under: Theories and Models Tagged With: Definitions and Examples of Theory, 2023 HealthResearchFunding.org - Privacy Policy, 14 Hysterectomy for Fibroids Pros and Cons, 12 Pros and Cons of the Da Vinci Robotic Surgery, 14 Pros and Cons of the Cataract Surgery Multifocal Lens, 11 Pros and Cons of Monovision Cataract Surgery.

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